Life In The 1900s Was Depressing And Was An Era Filled With Extremely

Life in the 1900's was depressing and was an era filled with extremely hard and strenous work that didn't offer any future for the average canadian in doing better. If you were an average wage earner you would be virtually stuck in the same job for the rest of your life, while rich maintained their wealth mainly caused by the low taxes. Living conditions were poor for average canadians and even worse for the arriving immigrants. At this time some of the modern convienences were just being invented and even if it were for sale only the extremely rich had the option of purchasing the items. Sports being very new, in the aspect of it being organized was small time compared to present day. Travelling required time and was uncomfortable. Only the rich could have the luxurious accomadations for those long journeys. Many jobs were available to most people but you were under constant scrutiny while working and would have to be willing to do any thing the boss wanted. I believe my friends and I would most likely resent and despise it if we had to live in the 1900's. During the 1900's horses played a significant role in the everyday life. A horse drawn carriage would bring a docter to the house of where a baby would be born. A hearse was pulled by horses to the cemetery when somebody died. Farmers used them to pull their ploughs while town dwellers kept them for transportation around town. Horses puled delivery wagons for businesses such as bakery, dairy, and coal company. Horses pulled fire engines through the streets in a fire emergency. The bicycle was widely accepted by canadians because of its easy maintence compared to a horse. The bike allowed an option of transportation. The bicycle also gave a sense of freedom to virtually anybody willing to learn. Henry Ford revolutionized the world we live in by inventing the "horseless carriage", if it had not been for him, instead of taking the GO bus in the morning we'd be riding a horse named Wanda. Not only did his invention offer a method of transportation to the public, but it helped with our emergency services such as fire engines, police cars, and ambulances. Now we have a large variety of cars to choose from varying in size and price. He also brought a large profitable industry to North America...The car industry. Back then there weren't many problems that they created. Today, we have our deteriorating ozone layer, poisonous chemicals that come from exhaust fumes (CO2)(Carbon Monoxide). Not to mention the traffic accidents, parking problems and traffic jams in downtown Toronto. 11 years previous to WW I Orville and Wilbur Wright made a successful flight in the first airplane at the beach of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Although the flight only lasted 12 seconds it would change the way we see the world. The telephone allowed the houseneeds to be satisfied without leaving they're homes. Women received an oppurtunity to work as a a switch board operator. I don't know if I can stress the importance of Marconi's invention enough. But I can say, that without it not only would there be no T.V. or radio there would be a lot of unemployed people right now(even more unemployed than now!!!). The reason for that is radio provides people with jobs such as DJ's, musical programmers etc. Also, radio is a major form of advertising, without it there would not be as many advertising agencies or as many positions in this field. Without T.V., advertising agencies would also face the same consequences. T.V. provides millions of people with employment in commercials, T.V. shows, and movies. Baseball was the most popular sport in the United States where the World Series began in 1903. Tom Longboat was born in Brantford, Ontario and was known for outrunning a horse over a 19 km coarse. He set a record of 2 hours, 24 min and 24 seconds when he ran the Boston Marathon. Jan 22/1901 Queen Victoria died at the age of 63 years. The Queens reign stretched across the globe. With her death came modernization. In the early 1900's horses were being used extensivley for all transportating duties and some manual labor jobs.

Free Essays on Reality

If you saw my family sitting together at a restaurant, you would say to yourself,† now there is a nice looking family.† Everyone says so. Although underneath it all is what you really don’t see. I was blind to it myself until it was brought to my attention. Two people that were destined to be together from the start are just falling apart more and more everyday. Walking into my house ten years ago you would smell whatever was cooking on the stove, the fireplace burning in the living room, or Dads’ cologne when he walks from his bedroom. Now, it’s just a stale smell from an old house. It’s like no one is even living within the walls of the English tutor home. No love between the two people that made everything what it is today. It was a major change for all of us to move here from New York. It seemed like the â€Å"in thing† was parents getting a divorce. We felt like a minority moving here because our parents were still together. My sister and I would listen to our friends and how difficult it is for them to be fair and see each parent every other week. All we could think to ourselves was, â€Å"thank God that is never going to happen to us.† Well it wasn’t until the middle of my sophomore year that it was brought to my attention by my dad that things weren’t going all that great, and that in fact they hadn’t been for quit some time now. I remember standing in our hot muggy garage as he was telling me this. Perspiration was melting off both our faces. I’m not sure if I was angry or scared; but I knew my Dad was trying to hold back his tears. Everything that meant the most that day just went from the top to the bottom of the list. One thing that was different from all of the other families that go through this is that my parents tried very hard to put things back together. They went to counseling and little get-aways. Again, my sister and I thought that things were going good between them. We just wen... Free Essays on Reality Free Essays on Reality If you saw my family sitting together at a restaurant, you would say to yourself,† now there is a nice looking family.† Everyone says so. Although underneath it all is what you really don’t see. I was blind to it myself until it was brought to my attention. Two people that were destined to be together from the start are just falling apart more and more everyday. Walking into my house ten years ago you would smell whatever was cooking on the stove, the fireplace burning in the living room, or Dads’ cologne when he walks from his bedroom. Now, it’s just a stale smell from an old house. It’s like no one is even living within the walls of the English tutor home. No love between the two people that made everything what it is today. It was a major change for all of us to move here from New York. It seemed like the â€Å"in thing† was parents getting a divorce. We felt like a minority moving here because our parents were still together. My sister and I would listen to our friends and how difficult it is for them to be fair and see each parent every other week. All we could think to ourselves was, â€Å"thank God that is never going to happen to us.† Well it wasn’t until the middle of my sophomore year that it was brought to my attention by my dad that things weren’t going all that great, and that in fact they hadn’t been for quit some time now. I remember standing in our hot muggy garage as he was telling me this. Perspiration was melting off both our faces. I’m not sure if I was angry or scared; but I knew my Dad was trying to hold back his tears. Everything that meant the most that day just went from the top to the bottom of the list. One thing that was different from all of the other families that go through this is that my parents tried very hard to put things back together. They went to counseling and little get-aways. Again, my sister and I thought that things were going good between them. We just wen... Free Essays on Reality According to James, pragmatic reality seems to be an individual’s construction of ideas and is based upon the fulfillment of one’s own interests. First of all, James believes that there is a number of different â€Å"worlds† or realities that exist such as the world of science, the world of abstract truths, etc.. Of these worlds that James thinks exists, he feels that the world of physical objects is the most important world when considering reality. He considers this world to be most important because physical objects have more impact on our lives and most affect our ability to fulfill our ends. So, when we discuss James and his ideas on a pragmatic reality, we are focusing on the reality of physical objects. James’ ideas on pragmatic reality also seem to take into account two major sides. Side one would include an individual’s interests, values, and concerns, and side two would include an individual’s experiences. James thinks that an individual creates his own reality by sorting through his interests, values, and concerns and then relating his experiences to those factors in a way that will be satisfying to him. This process will result in an individuals own reality, and not any â€Å"absolute† reality. What is real needs to be understood, and if one can not understand something, then it is not reality to that person. Therefore, each individual’s perception of physical objects will result in an individual sense of reality for each individual based on the perception of the same group of physical objects. James’ metaphysical conception of reality is based on the idea that there are many ways that one can view something, and once again it is up to the individual to decide which way the thing will be perceived. The idea here is not to argue about which point of view is the correct one, but it is to see which point of view is more appropriate given the purposes the individual has. Many examples are given ...

Research Quality, Depth, and Credit

Research Quality, Depth, and Credit Quality The Newbery-winning  Indian Captive: The Story of Mary Jemison   The librarians at Patterson Library in Westfield, New York, took my ten-year-old quest seriously and gave me access to the closed-off balcony with its stacks of dusty archived books. I spent weeks filling hundreds of three While I dropped the project, I had unconsciously absorbed the difference in primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Those accounts written When using a written source, the primary is the original document. If you find something quoted in a resource, that resource should be saying where it came from – follow that back to the original document. If there’s no attribution, I’ve found the quickest way to find an original source is to search the person or quote + searchable manuscripts. There are usually multiple hits. Look for websites from governments, libraries, universities, or other solid sources. Some examples:   Ã‚     Gutenberg Project  over 58,000 free eBooks, including Victor Hugo’s memoirs.   Ã‚     The Library of Congress Manuscript Reading Room  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ digital images or searchable text.   Ã‚     The British Library’s digitized collections.   Ã‚     Cambridge Digital Library   Ã‚     This page at Harvard Library  also tells you how to do more detailed research with them. Depth At Amazon’s  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Look Inside† for Lenski’s book, you can read the foreword, in which she describes how she researched the story and adapted it for fiction. She researched Jemison’s entire life and the Iroquois (of whom the Seneca are a part) in depth. She talks about the fact it was a transitional time for the Iroquois and how she tried to address that. Her illustrations are modeled after traditional Seneca artwork. It is clear she knew as much as possible about Mary Jemison and the world in which she lived. However, while Lenski’s writing was undoubtedly informed Credit Lenski mentions various specific resources throughout the foreword and ends with two paragraphs of thanks. As you do your research, keep track of key source information you’ll need for citations and bibliographies. The online writing lab at Purdue can help you give credit professionally if you’re writing nonfiction. If you’re writing fiction, share your sources with the reader and say thank you.

Differentiated Instruction In the Classroom Research Paper

Differentiated Instruction In the Classroom - Research Paper Example At the California Montessori Project Charter School teachers use differentiated teaching methods that are based on Maria Montessori’s philosophy of following the child. In other schools in Sacramento the teachers that will be interviewed will share their techniques for small group work. There are also academic programs, such as â€Å"Handwriting without Tears,† that provide differentiation written into the curriculum. Each of these curricula is creating a new pathway for teaching, specifically because of the positive results which are currently being achieved. To continue with this approach, are also several trying to refine and work forward with the learning approaches that are used. Purpose of this Study The purpose of this study is to define the approaches to differentiation as well as whether this will benefit students that are learning with specific approaches. When examining the differentiation in the classroom, there will be the focus on showing the accomplishmen ts, progression and potential problems associated with this approach. Defining this will benefit students, teachers and educators, specifically because there will be more knowledge and background on differentiation. This will be combined with the understanding that education can begin to progress and change for classrooms which are inclusive of alternative styles for teaching. The research will provide information from Gardner, Vygotsky and Montessori as some of the researchers working with differentiated instruction. The research conducted to support this paper will help teachers with new skills and knowledge to best support their students in the classroom. It will also work to identify more of the... The significance of the study is to prepare teachers to expand their horizons when it comes to instructional strategies that are evidence-based and a proven product. It is expected that through this study, there will be the capability of creating new approaches to teaching and learning. Understanding the benefits and the gaps of differential instruction can help to refine the new methodology of teaching while assisting those within the classroom to approach students in a different manner. If this methodology can begin to evolve and become a standard within the classroom, there will be the capability of creating new opportunities for growth in the educational system. This report makes a conclusion that the concepts which were used in the qualitative study, as well as the quantitative research show that there is a demand to change the overall instruction in the classroom. The theoretical approaches show that there are diverse needs, both with the socio – cultural basis and with the cognitive learning capabilities which the children carry. This is combined with the needed changes associated with diverse settings which are now incorporating special education with gifted students, specifically because of the recognition that each student doesn’t have slower or faster learning abilities, but instead has different ways of learning. The theoretical concepts show that there are many associations with benefits and needs for differential instruction. While there is a strong need for the instruction, there are also questions over how to intertwine the theories with practical methodologies. The Montessori Method is one which has found explorati on as a main approach to the classroom.

Financial Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Plan - Research Paper Example We exhibit a more consumer friendly corporate persona, which makes us more attractive for an economy conducive to socially responsible business ethics. The economy is becoming increasingly fragile which makes consumers less predictable. Accounting Financial Solutions will help individuals avoid risky economic behavior while ensuring long term spending from the private sector. Moreover, with foreclosures at an all time high, consumers are increasingly searching for peace of mind that their own property will not be foreclosed on in the future, our company helps them identify their personal income mile markers so they know if they how much effort is required of them to maintain their style of living. Executive Summary Accounting Financial Services (AFS) is a fairly new company with its operating principal possessing almost 15 years of industry specific experience. Our organization is operated by the proprietor. The major barriers preventing AFS from realizing its ideal operating capacit y are public visibility and consumer confidence. AFS has an existent customer base that expresses skeptic attitudes towards the existing residential operating space. With Identity theft on the rise, less consumers are willing to consult with individuals outside of brick and motor locations. Our existing clients represent a delicate marketing potential that is not being tapped because of our residential space. Intuits Stimulus Grant will provide the necessary capital to acquire a brick an motor location in order to generate consumer confidence in Accounting Financials Solutions ability to deliver. Our target consumer resides in Camp Spring, Maryland and seasonly seeks tax preparation services. Local small business make up our consumer base for our bookkeeping service. In order to access this community we have developed a marketing strategy to create an online presence and capitalize on target local markets. We also plan to educate consumers about our brand niche, â€Å"a friendly bu siness with commercial expertise!† Pricing The price for Tax preparation at Accounting Financial Solutions ranges between $80 to $170 pending on the size and amount file being processed. For Personal and Business Accounting we charge a percentage of the account, pricing is negotiable but accounts for the projected amount of time consumed. Promotion 1. Leverage referrals from professional contacts and individual clients to make this an integral part of how we conduct business. 2. Enhance our profile within our targeted industries and areas of specialization through being cited as possessing unique expertise in these areas. 3. Generating healthy friendships with clients and maintaining a constant out of work relationship. Service Our business and individual clients judge our competence based on how we treat them. This is their primary – and in many cases their only measurement of our capabilities. We must have each of our clients answer positively to these questions: Do t hey act in a professional manner? Do they know who I am? Do they know my name? Are they genuinely concerned about my best interest? Will they defend their advice and council if needed? Market Research Our market research is conducted by mail out surveys to get a more accurate depiction of our costumers response to our

Electronic Signatures Essay Example for Free

Electronic Signatures Essay As compared to paper based signatures there is an increased dependability on electronic signatures for an increased protection of documents and patient records in healthcare facilities. Thereby this paper will discuss an importance of electronic signatures in addition to the advantages that they have in order to be implemented in healthcare, business and e-commerce. Introduction Signature is more known as a script that has been designed by an individual and is associated with that very individual. Signatures in some cases have been associated with seals used for protection. In general, signatures are an evidence of the fact that all intentions made in a certain document have been approved by the individual signing it. Purposes of signatures are the same as that of normal and usual signatures as all intentions made in an electronic document are approved by an individual who undersigns a document with an electronic signature (Brazell, 2004, p. 23). Many definitions have been given in relation to the electronic signature. All in all these definitions highlight the fact that as compared to hand written signatures, electronic signatures are more protective and sealed thereby there is an increased reliability associated with electronic signatures. Defining Electronic Signatures First definition that needs a mention here is given by US Code. It defines an electronic signature as an electronic sound, or a symbol that represents documents in a unique way as these symbols are associated with these documents in a legal manner. According to this definition symbols are adopted and chosen by an individual who wishes to sign, seal and protect a document thereby making sure that all intentions are accepted by that very individual. The US code argues that the signatures can be embedded in transmissions of electronic documents observed during transmission of facsimiles. The electronic signature can also take the form of Morse code in case of electronic message transmission as the signs are embedded inside the message. Realizing an importance of the protective and sealing protection offered by electronic signatures, there is an increased use of encrypted electronic messages in fields that are more sensitive about integrity of documents thereby e-commerce, healthcare, government office are observed to frequently adopt the technology of electronic signatures (Schellekens, 2004, p. 56). Legal standing of these electronic signatures has been well established thereby the laws of EU and US recognize electronic signatures holding the same legal importance as ordinary signatures on documents. Legal issues and consequences that are associated with electronic signatures are same as normal and usual signatures. Historical Perspective of Electronic Signatures Electronic signatures have been known to exist since before the American Civil War. Electronic signatures date back to 1860s when electronically encrypted messages were being used by the help of Morse codes in telegraphy. Telegraphy in those days was used to send messages that were more secret and in agreements to terms that were presented in certain kinds of enforceable contracts. Legal standing of these electronic messages dates back to 1869 when an importance of these telegraphically encrypted documents was enforced by the New Hampshire Supreme Court (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, 2002, p. 78). In order to ensure protection, and time sensitive delivery of protected documents to safer places, in 1980s, many organizations started working on electronic signatures in order to encrypt documents. For encrypting highly sensitive documents, fax machines were used. Nevertheless in this case it has been seen that although original signatures used to be on the paper, but images of signatures and transmission used to be in an electronic format thereby ensuring increased protection. Recently it has been seen that various legal interventions have been made in order to enhance protection offered by electronic signatures. It has been added by the US courts that documents that can be protected and sealed by electronic signatures can include emails, PIN codes that are used for ATM transactions in banks, credit or debit sllip that needs to be protected by signing it with a digital pen pad device, installing kinds of software that comes with a clickwrap software license agreement along with documents that are often signed online that need enhanced protection. It has been recorded that the first document signed in an electronic way was between two sovereign nations, United States and Ireland in a communique that jointly recognized an importance of electronic signatures in trading and e-commerce (Katsikas, Lopez, and Pernul, 2005, p. 78). Enforcing Electronic Signatures United States has defined electronic signatures in legal ways and a set of requirements have been set that help in qualifying an electronic signatures as authentic. These requirements and qualifications of electronic signatures were designed by National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) in 1999 when this US based government organization released Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA). UETA has defined electronic signatures as electronic symbols that are associated with a certain document in relation to which all intention have been accepted by the individual who owns and signs the particular document. There are many laws that echo core concepts of electronic signatures and these are also observed to be the same in U. S. ESign Act that was presented and implemented in the year of 2000. Many states in United States have been working on the laws and jurisdiction in relation to the electronic signatures and more than 47 states in United States along with the District of Columbia, and the US Virgin Islands have enacted and have been using UETA in an active manner. Only three states as New York, Illinois and Washington have not enacted UETA. New York has designed its own rule that recognizes electronic signatures as legal and the law that represents these signatures is Electronic Signatures and Records Act (ESRA) (Boss, and Kilian, 2008, p. 67). Other countries that have started assigning legal values to electronic signatures include Canada. The definition of electronic signatures given by Canadian legal authorities is generic and different from the one given by the US authorities. Generic definition of signature given by the Canadian Department Of Justice says that an electronic signature contains a chain of letters, symbols, and numbers encrypted in a digital format associated with a certain electronic document that belongs to an individual or a certain organization (Snijders, and Weatherill, 2003, p. 45). After this Canadian Department Of Justice has defined an electronic signature by arguing that electronic signature in contrast to normal signatures possess some distinct properties that define these signatures. Canadian law that talks about the digital signatures in accordance to the protection of electronic documents is PIPEDA. PIPEDAs secure electronic signature regulations argue that electronic signatures are those that are designed, applied and verified in a specific manner. European Union has also given its rules and regulations in accordance to the use of electronic signatures in document protection systems. These laws have been published in the EC Official Journal. These laws are referred to as the Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council while officially these are more often referred as the EU Directive on Electronic Signatures or the EU Electronic Signatures Directive. These were published on 13th December 1999 (Adams, and Lloyd, 2003, p. 78). Maintaining Legal Nature of Electronic Signatures Various laws and jurisdictions have been defined that help e-commerce and trade to incorporate the advantages of electronic signatures in daily business deals that can help in increased document protection. It has been realized that at a local and an international level there is a need to incorporate certain document protection systems that can help in easy working and trustworthy document sharing within different parties. 1. Definitions of PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act) An electronic signature can be defined as being safe when a. It is unique to an individual b. Technology that is being used in order to generate signatures are under the control and only being used by the person who creates the signature thereby adding to the level of uniqueness. c. The technology being used to create signatures should be able to represent an individual who has created the signatures. d. The electronic signatures are to be linked with an electronic document in various ways. One way that has been defined by Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act argues that the electronic document should be able to identify, by the help of electronic signatures associated with it, if any changes have been made to this document after signatures were associated with the document originally (Kehal, and Singh, 2005, p. 78). 2. The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act This law was passed by the US congress in relation to the electronic signatures and this law has defined and authorized the electronic signatures in three steps. a. The term ‘electronic’ in electronic signatures has been highlighted as something that possesses digital, symbolic, magnetic, wireless, electromagnetic, electric properties. b. Electronic record on the other hand has been defined as a document, contract that has been generated, created, shared, discussed, and sent by using electronic means. c. Electronic signatures have been defined by The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act as an electronic sound, symbol or a process that is legally and authoritatively associated with a document created by an individual holding rights to create, sign and decrypt the document in any manner thereby ‘patenting’ the document (Pathak, 2007, p. 34). Other similar definitions have been given by the following acts that relate to the use of electronic signatures. a. Government Paperwork Elimination Act, US b. Federal Reserve 12 CFR 202 c. UETA d. Commodity Futures Trading Commission 17 CFR Part 1 Sec. 1. 3. Creation of Electronic Signatures: Public Key Infrastructures (PKI) Importance of electronic signatures has been realized since long as it has been seen that these are more important in protecting the legal status of documents in a comparative manner. Thereby secure and much complex ways have been identified that can define electronic signatures in ways that ensure their legal status in order to protect records. Creation of electronic signatures depends on asymmetrical cryptographic method. This method ensures that the kinds of protection status being encrypted in the document are only approachable by the person who creates the signatures on the document. Thereby two kinds of keys are used in this case and these are referred to as public and private cryptographic keys. The theoretical fundamentals and practicalities of the asymmetric cryptographic key were laid down in 1976 (Doukidis, Mylonopoulos, and Pouloudi, 2004, p. 79). In accordance to the theory and recent ways that have been developed for electronically signing a document, a number is calculated that represents the length of a document and this number is referred to as the checksum of a particular document. This checksum is calculated by using a hash function. This is the case where a private key is used which is more representative of the person signing the document. Thereby signature is represented by private key which in the end is attached to a document. This private key is thereby a signature of the document. Role of Public Key Another key that plays an important role in this case is a public key. An important that is played by a public key is that the signature’s and relevant document can be checked by the public key. Public key as the name indicates is freely and easily available to any individual within the public. Decryption of the electronic key is performed by the help of an electronic signature. Integrity Check An integrity check is an important part of electronic signature allocation. It has been seen that integrity of a document can be checked by recalculating the checksum number that was allocated to the document originally. As was done during the calculation of checksum, the recalculation of checksum is also done with the help of hash functions. Integrity of the document can be validated if the checksums are identical ensuring that the integrity of the document is intact (Rice, and American Bar Association, Section of Litigation, 2005, p. 78). Role of Certificates Public keys and cryptographic keys are the most important part of the electronic signature creation thereby there is a need of a system that can authorize the genuine nature of these keys. Both of these keys are authorized by a certificate. Certificates are specially created electronic documents that associate and connect the public key with the key holder’s identification data that in this case has to be unique. On the other hand in order to provide increased protection it has been observed that to ensure increased protection, certificates are also electronically signed by the certification providers that are also authorized. All these links and methodologies designed to sign the documents make sure that document is signed, encrypted and decrypted by using the public key only by the person who has created the document. Certification service providers play important roles as Trusted Third Party offering services other than certificates for protection of electronic documents. Certification service providers are known to provide a set of directory services that are also related to electronic documents. These are the services that bring the protection provided by the electronic signatures a step ahead. Directory services provide additional measures by which the certificates can be checked for authentication time by time. Advantages of Electronic Signatures These days there is a need to exchange business in a fast manner that requires and demands exchange of information including documents in a secure manner. It has been realized that exchanging information on a regular basis is more secure in an electronic manner rather on paper. 1. Electronic information takes lesser time to travel as compared to the paper based information thereby there is no time wasted (Mann, Eckert, and Knight, 2000, p. 67). 2. The cost of electronic signature based documents is only needed in the beginning of this setup and there are no additional costs required after its implementation. 3. Because of the electronic nature of documents, there is lesser involvement of human beings other than the ones that are directly involved ensuring security in case of these documents. 4. Because of an electronic nature of these documents there is a lesser chance of interruption and interference in electronic documents that increasingly ensures the protection of these documents. In terms of protection it has been observed that electronic signature based documents are more secure and protected as compared to paper based signatures. 1. In this case it has been argued that the electronic signatures are not able to be copied as compared to the normal paper based signatures and electronic signatures are implemented on the complete document rather than the last page. 2. In this case it has been observed that as electronic signatures are implemented on whole document thereby there are no chances of any text being maliciously changed in any part of the document. 3. Time stamping is the proof of transmission time of the document thereby transmission dates can be cross checked in order to check the legal status of the document. 4. Additional restrictions can be imposed on the message content in electronically signed documents. It has been observed that with the consent of the document holder and creator, reader can read and verify the contents of the document (Katsikas, Lopez, and Pernul, 2005, p. 45). Other than these, additional advantages that are offered by the electronically signed documents include streamlining businesses and trade globally and on a local scale. Business chains are better connected when paper documents are removed having a much better control on business with the help of electronic documents. 1. Increased cost are associated with typing documents and sending these through courier and these costs are reduced in case of electronic documents that take lesser time to be emailed and fixed. 2. In case of signing the contracts an important issue used to deal with signing the contracts which is resolved by electronic signature based reinforce bale contracts that are signed anywhere. Electronic Signatures Usage in Medial Healthcare Records Healthcare in the modern days is recognized by an increase in the specialization of medical specialization. In order to ensure that patient care process is optimized there is an increased cooperation and data exchange between different healthcare institutions. Thereby it has been observed that in order to ensure timely, cost effective and economic patient care, often known as shared care, there is a need to increasingly exchange information with healthcare institutions and medical facilities. The kinds of patient record systems that are adopted these days are increasingly dependent upon the data exchange. On the other hand it has been realized that there are many shortcomings associated with paper based documents that have been also held responsible for a decreased efficiency of healthcare institutions, thereby there is an increased adoption of electronic signatures on the documents (Boss, and Kilian, 2008, p. 38). In order to ensure that all heath care operations undergo in a proper, streamlined and a secure manner there is a need to implement the technology of electronic signatures to the field of healthcare. Paper based signatures are time consuming and are less protecting as compared to electronic signatures thereby in the field of healthcare, document authenticity is a critical business operation. There is a set of documents that are in a need to be protected in face of infringements and these documents include patient records, physician diagnosis, order, bills and payments. Thereby based on the set of advantages that have been highlighted in the previous sections healthcare facilities in different countries have started to implement electronic signatures. Recently there are many changes in United States health departments in order to implement electronic signatures based documents. It has been recently reported that regulations have been passed and implemented by the Drug Enforcement Agency in order to implement electronic signatures on medical prescriptions that are of electronic nature in order to ensure that original prescriptions are checked on the counters of pharmacies rather than cooked ones. Another law that has been passed by the Veteran’s Health Administration relates to the consent forms that are signed by the patients. In order to protect these forms, protection is being ensured by the implementation of electronic signatures on these forms. In healthcare administration various standards have been defined that link important records and documents with encrypted signatures. Recently a standard has been defined that helps in an authentication of medical records of the patients, an ASTM standard. In order to electronically sign the radiological images, DICOM standard have been used and are in practice. Most of the documents in medical centers and healthcare institutions are related to signatures, including signatures from families, patients and physicians. Thereby after the creation of these documents it is important that these documents are protected and sealed by the help of electronic signatures. Successes of document security solution lies in the fact of creating documents that are electronically signed thereby are digitally protected. These protection measures have also been considered important in the case of offline and online business, e-commerce (Adams, and Lloyd, 2003, p. 24). Conclusion Internationally accepted standards have been defined that can help in securing the documents in a better manner. In case of healthcare it has been seen that there is an increased dependency on a long term archiving of patient records as soon as these are created and passed on to the other facilities. International standards have been used to define the signatures in accordance to the advantages that they ensure, as DICOM, XML, and HL7. In addition to this it has been argued that there is an increased integration of PKIs in healthcare services as these are designed in accordance to the legislations that have been designed in order to ensure document protection. References Adams, C. , and Lloyd, S. (2003). Understanding PKI: concepts, standards, and deployment; considerations, Technology series. Edition 2. Addison-Wesley. Boss, H. A. , and Kilian, W. (2008). The United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts. Kluwer Law International. Brazell, L. (2004). Electronic signatures law and regulation. Sweet Maxwell. Doukidis, I. G. , Mylonopoulos, N. , and Pouloudi, N. (2004). Social and economic transformation in the digital era. Idea Group Inc (IGI). Katsikas, K. S. , Lopez, J. ,and Pernul, G. (2005). Trust, privacy, and security in digital business: second international conference, TrustBus 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 22-26, 2005:proceedings, Lecture notes in computer science, Springer eBook collection. Birkhauser. Kehal, S. H. , and Singh, P. V. (2005). Digital economy: impacts, influences, and challenges. Idea Group Inc (IGI). Mann, L. C. , Eckert, E. S. , and Knight, C. S. (2000). Global electronic commerce: a policy primer. Peterson Institute. Pathak. (2007). Legal Aspects Of Business. Edition 3. Tata McGraw-Hill. Rice, R. P. , and American Bar Association. Section of Litigation. (2005). Electronic evidence: law and practice. American Bar Association. Schellekens, M. (2004). Electronic signatures: authentication technology fro

Standing Up For Yourself :: Personal Narrative Writing

Standing Up For Yourself My first year of junior high, (in our school that was seventh grade) I was not spending all my time trying to be popular like all the other people in my grade. I was just being me how I always had been. One day at I was sitting at the lunch table with a bunch of people I would hang around with sometimes. Some of them were talking about there weekends. Then my friend Sami said, "Hey guys you wanna know what I did this weekend?" Everybody was like "yea" Sami continued on saying, "Well I went to this party with my cousin and we were drinking and they she gave me a couple of joints and from there on I don’t remember the rest of the night, but it was awesome." "I think that I am gonna do this more often you get a really awesome high of it." By this time everybody sitting around her was like that is so cool. Everybody was really into what Sami said, and as the days went by they acting almost as if she was a god and they had to follow her everymove. One day I was talking with my friend Rosie during Lunch when Sami came over. Sami interrupted us saying "Would either of you guys like to join me outside for a joint?" I said "No I have homework to do and anyways I have better things to do then kill off my brain cells." Sami just glared at me for a minute. Then said "Rosie what about you, Are you still cool or do you wanna be a dweeb like some OTHER people at this table." So Rosie left. Later that day during study hall I tried to talk to Sami. "Hey Sami" I said, "What is up over there?" "Not much" she replied. "I really need to talk to you about earlier today in the lunch room." "What about today?" Sami asked curiously "Well, about you pressuring Rosie into feeling like she couldn't do what she wanted to do, but like she had to do whatever you want her to do like you are her mother or something. What is up with that?" "Well you know she really wanted to do it." "If she did then why did you have to almost force her to go with you. I think you are taking this cool thing a little to far." Sami snapped back, "I think that you are just jealous cause everyone thinks I am cool now and I am center of attention and your NOT!"

Parent always knew best for their children? Essay

Parents always know what is best for their children. To show this, they get overly protective to their children and ask their children to obey their rules. Of course, this is definitely not good for the children sometimes because it seems like parents do not give freedoms to their children to do anything they want to. However, it is parents’ responsibility to look after their children well for they are the ones who know what is good and bad for their children. Parents always give advices which sometimes annoy their children, but actually it is one of the depiction that they want all the best for their children. They give and do anything for their children’s happiness and success. They work hard to get much money for full-filling their children’s needs, especially for their school. They want their children to be successful people and have better jobs or higher degrees than what they have one day. Parents not only work hard, but also always pray for their children’s goodness. Parents are the vital eyes and ears that figure out what their children need and what services and facilities are available; they are the vital decision makers that shape their children’s experiences as they grow. Parents do good things in order their children can imitate it. For instance when parents teach their children how to respect other people so that the children know how to respect people around them. What parents do is for their children’s goodness. They want their children to be the best. Parents want what is best for their children. Furthermore, we know that parents matter more than anything else when we consider what contributes to the welfare of children. As the children, they should accept and listen what their parents want and say because no matter what happen parents do not want their children get failures for they know what is best for them.

Study On The Balfour Declaration History Essay

1. In the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Palestinians live in an unusual and unjust undetermined province. They have no state province, no nationality, and no decisive control over their ain lives. Israel occupied these countries in 1967 and till today Palestinians have been populating under her business. A few maps of the authorities like wellness attention, instruction, transit and policing, Israel maintains overall power. 2. It is the policy of Western Media that whenever Israel commits yet another atrociousness, its guardians are speedy to airt public attending off from the grisly offense scene by giving intelligence sing Al-Qaeda or Taliban, to make hatred amongst the Christians for Muslims. Due to these sorts of intelligence on western media, most of their people start to believe that the Muslims are terrorists and Western policies are traveling in the right way. 3. We may name Palestine as a ‘nation ‘ but non the ‘nation province ‘ . As per the definition Nations are culturally homogenous groups of people, larger than a individual folk or community, which portions a common linguistic communication, establishments, faith, and historical experience. When a state of people has a State or state of their ain, it is called a nation-state. 4. An busying force or a province has the duty to protect the civilian population harmonizing to the international jurisprudence. Israel, nevertheless, pays no attending to this restraint. She violates the Geneva Conventions as a everyday affair. Geneva Convention was introduced after World War II to guarantee that civilians are non humiliated as they were by Nazis. 5. Palestinian private lands are occupied by Israeli forces on a regular basis. Israeli military personnels detain persons without procedure, collaring kids and physically mistreat them under imprisonment ; destroy household places ; topographic point full towns under curfew ; demolish stores and concerns ; shoot, injury, and slaying civilians and Palestinians are without influence to halt any of it. 6. One of the day-to-day scenes is of kids arrested, beaten and abused by Israeli soldiers, which is ne'er reported by the western media. These kids are humiliated in prison, and their parents do non hold any right to even run into them. The most of import and non frequently understood by international community is the fact that Palestinians fundamentally live in a top-security prison in which Israel holds the keys. They are non allowed to go forth the West Bank or Gaza without the permission of Israeli military personnels, and if they are allowed, they can non return to their places. Scholars invited to go to seminars abroad, high school pupils given US authorities scholarships to analyze in the United States or even do-gooders wishing to assist hapless Palestinians are denied permission by Israel to go forth or come in their ain land.The â€Å" Intifada †7. In the twelvemonth 2000, Palestinians began a motion against Israeli Occupation known as the â€Å" Intifada. † This is an Arabic term means to â€Å" agitate off. The first Intifada began in 1986 and ended in 1993 when the peace procedure proposed outlooks of justness. But in the undermentioned old ages these outlooks were trampled when Israel continued to spread out the occupied district. During this first Intifada, Palestinians were killed at a rate of about 7-10 times that of Israelis. One of the ways Israeli forces attempted to set down this rebellion was through the â€Å" interrupt the castanetss † policy, implemented by Yitzhak Rabin, in which people who had been throwing rocks were held down and their weaponries were broken. On the first twenty-four hours of this policy entirely, one infirmary in Gaza treated 200 Peoples for breaks. 8. The â€Å" Second Intifada † was ignited when Ariel Sharon, an Israeli general at that clip, visited a Jerusalem sanctum site, accompanied by over a 1000 armed Israeli military personnels. When some Palestinians threw rocks, Israeli soldiers responded with unrecorded gunshot, killing 15 young persons. This motion has now continued for over 10 old ages, and many civilians are killed in Israeli bombardment by combatant jets and choppers. 9. Israel has started to build a wall about Palestinians, so that they are wholly stopped to travel out of the country and cipher should be able to back up them. The bulk of Palestinians believe that the Israeli authorities ‘s aim is to coerce them off the land, and there is an huge trade of cogent evidence that this is the purpose of many Israeli leaders. At the same clip, nevertheless, some of the Israeli military personnels have refused to kill guiltless people in order to spread out Israeli district. Few of the Israeli civilians besides oppose the enlargement of Israel beyond 1967 boundary lines. 10. During the elections of 2005, many Palestinian campaigners were arrested and beaten by Israeli soldiers to deny them to take portion in elections. However, this facet was non reported by the American media. Now if we look at the function of Pakistani media in this respect, merely a small coverage is presented and that excessively on the province Television. Private Television channels have wholly ignored these hapless people, and most of them discourse local political relations most of the clip.Chapter: TwoBackground1. In the 20th century, the part known as Palestine has been a field of intense struggle between peoples who have laid claim to it as their national place on evidences of long abode and historic and spiritual associations in the development of national provinces in the part after World War I, â€Å" Palestine † was non a separate political entity, but the name had long been in usage. It was the name of a Roman state, and in the 10th century, Arab geographers re ferred to â€Å" Filastin † ( the Arabic name for Palestine ) as one of the states of Syria. From the 15th century until World War I, Palestine formed portion of the Ottoman Empire, and altering provincial boundaries blurred its separate position. However, for disciples of the three chief monotheistic faiths – Islam, Judaism, and Christianity- † Palestine † remained the venue of holy sites of great significance. 2. The development of a separate and typical Palestinian individuality was a effect of two major historical developments which began in the late 19th century. The first was the growing of European economic, political, and military intercession in the Middle East. This culminated after World War I in the division of the Middle East into domains of control among the major European powers, chiefly Britain and France, with Palestine falling under a League of Nations Mandate assigned to Britain. Arab nationalist and pan-Arab motions had grown in response to Western intercession in the 19th century. With the drawing of new national boundaries under the post-World War I pacts, these Nationalisms took more specific signifiers. 3. A 2nd cultural factor in the development of a separate Palestinian patriotism was the Zionist motion which sought to set up a â€Å" national place † for the Jews in Palestine under the auspices of British regulation. Zionism aimed to make a Judaic fatherland in Palestine, and hence of its nature was unable to suit the demands and aspirations of the Arab population. The Judaic population grew, chiefly through in-migration, from 11 per centum of the sum in 1922 to thirty per centum of the entire population of 1,739,624 in 1994.The Balfour Declaration4. In November 1917, before Britain had conquered Jerusalem and the country to be known as Palestine, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration. This declaration was a missive addressed to Lord Rothschild, based on a petition of the Zionist organisation in Great Britain. The declaration stated Britain ‘s support for the creative activity of a Judaic national place in Palestine. The declaration was the effect of lobbying by the little British Zionist motion, particularly by Dr. Chaim Weizmann, who had emigrated from Russia to Britain, but it was motivated by British strategic considerations. Ironically, possibly, a chief motive for the declaration may hold been the belief, inspired by antisemitism, that international Jewry would come to the aid of the British if they declared themselves in support of a Judaic province. 5. After that at the Paris peace conference in 1919, Zionist and Arab council pleaded their instance, and met each other. The Zionists presented a map of the country they wanted for the Judaic province. Amazingly, Dr. Weizmann and the Emir Faisal reached a signed understanding sing Arab support for a Judaic national place. Faisal besides guaranteed the American Zionist minister plenipotentiary, Chief Justice Frankfurter, of his support for the Zionist cause. However, Faisal conditioned his support on satisfaction of Arab aspirations in Syria. Alternatively, Syria was given to the Gallic as a League of Nations authorization and Feisal non merely withdrew his support from the Zionist undertaking, but claimed he had ne'er signed any such paperss. 6. After World War-I much of the Ottoman Empire was divided into mandated districts assigned to the masters of the war. The British and Gallic saw them as permission of imperial aims. The British were acute to maintain Palestine off from the Gallic, and decided to inquire for an mandate that would implement the Judaic national place of the Balfour declaration, a undertaking that would be supported by the Americans. The Arabs opposed the thought of a Judaic national place, sing that the countries now called Palestine were their land. The Arabs felt they were in hazard of eviction by the Zionists, and did non appreciate populating under Judaic regulation. But as the ‘League of Nations ‘ authorized it, Jews continued to migrate to Palestinian dirt. 7. Palestinian patriotism has had a switching relationship to Arab patriotism and pan-Arabism. Palestinians have invoked Arab patriotism and integrity to assist repossess the district of Palestine. However, in the last two decennaries Palestinians have expressed increasing resentment that while the release of Palestine has served as a motto to prolong pan-Arabism, the Arab provinces have provided merely limited support to the Palestinian cause. 8. However, several important inquiries remain. The first regards the position of Jerusalem, which contains sites holy to Islam, Judaism, and Christianity and is claimed by both Palestinians and Israelis. Second, the geographical discontinuity of such a Palestinian province would make strategic and economic jobs. Third, after over 20 old ages of Israeli business, the economic sciences of the districts have been made extremely dependent on the Israel or other adjacent provinces, would be hard to interrupt. Finally, the inquiry of Palestinian Diaspora remains a large challenge.

Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Policy in the UK The WritePass Journal

Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Policy in the UK Introduction Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Policy in the UK ). DoH. (2007). Health impact assessment: questions and guidance for impact assessment.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Legislation/Healthassessment/Browsable/DH_075622 (accessed January 17, 2010). Fullerton, D., Dickson, R., Eastwood, A.J. SHELDON, T.A., 1997. Preventing unintended  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   teenage pregnancies and reducing their adverse effects. Quality in Health Care, 6(2):102-8. HOUSTON, A. (2006). Neighbourhood Renewal Fund Strategic Gaps Health Inequalities: Reducing Teenage Pregnancy in Southwark: an evaluation report. UK: Houston Enterprises. KEMM, J., PARRY, J. and PALMER, S. (2004). Health impact assessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Joffe, M. Mindell, J. (2005). Health impact assessment. Occupational and environmental medicine, 62(12), 907-12, 830-5. Joffe, M. Mindell, J. (2002). A framework for the evidence base to support Health Impact Assessment. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 56(2), 132-138. Lanek, R., (2005). Communities Outreach Presentation to the Multi-Faith Seminar on Sex Relationships For Young People in Southwark. LOCK, K. (2000). Health impact assessment. British Medical Journal, 320: 1395-1398. Macvarish, J. (2010). Understanding the significance of the teenage mother in contemporary parenting culture. Sociological Research Online 15 (4). Metcalfe, O., Higgins, C. Lavin, T. (2009). Health Impact Assessment Guidance. Dublin: The Institute of Public Health in Ireland MINDELL, J., BOAZ, A., JOFFE, M., CURTIS, S. and BIRLEY, M., 2004. Enhancing the evidence base for health impact assessment. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 58(7): 546-551. MINDELL, J., HANSELL, A., MORRISON, D., DOUGLAS, M., JOFFE, M. and QUANTIFIABLE HIA DISCUSSION GROUP. (2001). What do we need for robust, quantitative health impact assessment? Journal of public health medicine, 23(3): 173-178. MINDELL, J. and JOFFE, M. (2003). Health impact assessment in relation to other forms of impact assessment. Journal of public health medicine, 25(2), 107-112. NHS (2007). Southwark Vital Statistics. London, NHS NHS SOUTHWARK. (2009). Southwark Health Profile 2009. southwarkpct.nhs.uk/documents/5480.pdf. (accessed 28 December 2009) NHS SOUTHWARK, (2007). Southwark Young Peoples Sexual Health Teenage Pregnancy Needs Assessment Equity Audit. NHS Southwark NHS SOUTHWARK, (2004). Southwark Teenage Pregnancy and Parenthood Action Plan 2003-04. NHS Southwark ONS (2009). Health Statistics Quarterly. London: Crown ONS (2004). Southwark Neighborhood Statistics. Key Figures for 2001 Census: Census Area Statistics. http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures PARRY, J., STEVENS, A. (2001). Prospective health impact assessment: pitfalls, problems, and possible ways forward. British Medical Journal. 323(7322):1177-82. PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE SCOTLAND. (2004). Health Impact Assessment: a guide for local authorities. ROSS, D.A. (2008). Approaches to sex education: peer-led or teacher-led? PLoS medicine, 5(11), 229. SCOTT-SAMUEL A. (1988). Health impact assessment: theory into practice. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 52,704-705. SCOTT-SAMUEL, A., BIRLEY, M., ARDERN, K., (2001). The Merseyside Guidelines for Health Impact Assessment. Second Edition, May 2001. SEAMARK, C.J. and LINGS, P, (2004). Positive experiences of teenage motherhood: a qualitative study. The British journal of general practice: the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 54(508), 813-818. Sexual health charity, FPA. (2010) Teenage pregnancy factsheet: [Online]. Available at: fpa.org.uk/professionals/Factsheets/teenagepreggnancy (Accessed on 30 May 2012). STEPHENSON, J.M., STRANGE, V., FORREST, S., OAKLEY, A., COPAS, A., ALLEN, E., BABIKER, A., BLACK, S., ALI, M., MONTEIRO, H., JOHNSON, A.M. and RIPPLE STUDY TEAM, (2004). Pupil-led sex education in England (RIPPLE study): cluster-randomized intervention trial. Lancet, 364(9431): 338-346 Teenage Pregnancy Independent Advisory Group (2010). Teenage Pregnancy: Past Successes Future Challenges. [Online]. Availiable at: https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/Past%20successes%20-%20future%20challenges.pdf (Accessed on 25th July 2012). WHITEHEAD, M. and DAHLGREN, G., 1991. What can be done about inequalities in health? Lancet, 338(8774):, 1059-1063. WIGGINS, M., BONELL, C., SAWTELL, M., AUSTERBERRY, H., BURCHETT, H., ALLEN, E. and STRANGE, V. (2009). Health outcomes of youth development programme in England: prospective matched comparison study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 339, b2534. World Health Organization (2004) WHO Discussion papers on Adolescence, [Online]. 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A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick History Essay

A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick History Essay James Chadwick, a remarkable man, may rank among the greatest of all experimental nuclear physicists and he may have played a pivotal role in the development of the atom bomb. James Chadwick had many achievements – Nobel Prize, wartime knighthood, Master of Gonville and Caius, Companion of Honor à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  but was a troubled, hyper-tense human being, capable of love and anger as well as restraint. Chadwick was born in Bollington, not far from Manchester, England, on October 20, 1891, to John Joseph Chadwick and Ann Mary Knowles. Chadwick senior owned a laundry business in Manchester. At the age of sixteen, Chadwick won a scholarship to the University of Manchester, where he had intended to study mathematics. However, because he was mistakenly interviewed for admittance to the physics program and was too shy to explain the error, he decided to stay in physics. Initially Chadwick was disappointed in the physics classes, finding them too large and noisy. But in h is second year, he heard a lecture by experimental physicist Ernest Rutherford about his early New Zealand experiments. Chadwick established a close working relationship with Rutherford and graduated in 1911 with first honors. Chadwick stayed at Manchester to work on his master’s degree. During this time he made the acquaintance of others in the physics department, including Hans Geiger and Niels Bohr. Chadwick completed his M.S. in 1913 and won a scholarship that required him to do his research away from the institution that granted his degree. At this time Geiger returned to Germany, and Chadwick decided to follow him. Chadwick had not been in Germany long when World War I broke out. Soon he was arrested and sat in a Berlin jail for ten days until Geiger’s laboratory interceded for his release. Eventually Chadwick was interned for the duration of the war, as were all other Englishmen in Germany. Chadwick spent the war years confined at a race track, where he shared w ith five other men a stable intended for two horses. His four years there were quiet, cold, and hungry. He managed to maintain correspondence with Geiger. Although the work he did under such harsh conditions was not very fruitful, Chadwick felt that the experience of internment contributed to his maturity. Moreover, when Chadwick returned to England, he found that no one else had made much progress in nuclear physics during his time away. His careful self-humbleness, though, kept him from the limelight, and his primary role over the next 20 years was as Rutherford’s assistant. They had a complex relationship where Chadwick was confidant, critic and counselor as well as general factotum (laborer) for the great man, particularly during their long association at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. One of Chadwick’s first tasks was to help Rutherford establish a unit of measurement for radioactivity, to aid in experiments with the radiation of atomic nuclei. Chadwick th en developed a method to measure radioactivity that required the observation of flashes, called scintillations, in zinc sulfide crystals under a microscope and in complete darkness. Chadwick and Rutherford spent much time experimenting with the transmutation of elements, attempting to break up the nucleus of one element so that different elements would be formed. This work eventually led to other experiments to gauge the size and map the structure of the atomic nucleus.

PRODUCTION AND COST Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PRODUCTION AND COST - Term Paper Example ystems continue to drive costs of cross-border flows down, local and national economies continue to integrate, gradually or in shocks, into global economy. Clearly, present increasing integration into global economy in developing and developed nations alike is not a simple and direct result of communication and technological advances. This is, rather, a complex mosaic shaped by processes, institutions, and, more significantly, players. In present argument, a statement is made about globalization as a historical process which has immensely shaped international trade and global economy. Globalization is first discussed as an integrating process for national economies, leading to further integration of world’s economy as a whole. Then, a discussion of wider implications for globalization follows. Yet, since processes are not independent but are created, driven, or motivated via institutions and governing laws and rules, significance of international law, more specifically international economic law, is explored. Rules, laws, and regulations of World Trade Organization (WTO), as a unique international trade body, are given particular focus. [T]he process of greater interdependence among countries and their citizens. It consists of increased integration of product and resource markets across nations via, trade, immigration, and foreign investment – that is, via international flows of goods and services, of people, and of investment such as equipment, factories, stocks, and bonds. It also includes noneconomic elements such as culture and the environment. Simply put, globalization is political, technological, and cultural, as well as economic. (Carbaugh 2) As such, globalization accounts for increasing integration of national economies and, further still, for greater efficiencies in production as more and more jobs are outsourced globally (Carbaugh 6) and as more products are increasingly manufactured abroad (Carbaugh 14) for a host of reasons, not least lower